Nyob rau niaj hnub no cov ntaub ntawv-centric era, los ntawm 5G lub hauv paus chaw nres tsheb mus rau cov ntaub ntawv chaw interconnects thiab siab -txhais video kis tau tus mob, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv txoj kev loj cia siab rau ib tug core tivthaiv: lub optical transmitter.
Raws li "pib taw tes" ntawm kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag, lub tshuab xa hluav taws xob kho qhov muag yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev hloov hluav taws xob rau hauv cov teeb liab kho qhov muag thiab txuas lawv mus rau hauv cov khoom siv fiber ntau. Kab lus no delves rau hauv cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, thiab kev lag luam thev naus laus zis ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag rau 2024-2025.
1. Dab tsi yog ib qhoOptical Transmitter?
Ib qho khoom siv kho qhov muag yog ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob- kho qhov muag hloov pauv. Ntawm lub cev txheej, nws cov kev ua haujlwm ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv peb kauj ruam:
Input Processing:Tau txais cov teeb liab hluav taws xob los ntawm cov khoom siv network (xws li cov keyboards thiab routers).
Electro-Kev hloov kho qhov muag:Modulates lub teeb qhov chaw (laser diode los yog LED) ntawm ib tug tsav tsheb Circuit Court, converting lub 0/1 khoom ntawm hluav taws xob teeb liab mus rau hauv lub teeb pulses sawv cev rau on/off xeev los yog theem hloov.
Coupling tso zis:Kev txhaj tshuaj zoo rau lub teeb rau hauv ib qho khoom siv kho qhov muag (ib zaug- hom lossis ntau- hom) siv lo ntsiab muag lossis cov txheej txheem sib txuas ncaj qha.
Nyob ntawm daim ntawv thov scenario, transmitters feem ntau tau ntim rau hauv pluggable optical modules (xws li SFP, QSFP-DD, OSFP) los yog ib feem ntawm kev tshaj tawm - qib video optical transmitters thiab analog optical fiber kis systems.
2. Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis
Lub siab -kev ua tau zoo optical transmitter feem ntau muaj peb ntu hauv qab no, uas suav nrog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev nyuaj thiab nqi:
2.1 Lub teeb Source: VCSEL, FP, DFB, thiab EML
Lub teeb qhov chaw txiav txim siab lub transmitter lub wavelength, lub zog, thiab kis tau tus mob nyob deb.
VCSEL (Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser):Dominates luv-nruab deb (hauv 100 meters) ntau- hom kev siv, xws li SR (Short Range) optical modules hauv cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv. Qhov zoo muaj xws li kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg, tus nqi qis, thiab yooj yim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke loj - nplai.
FP (Fabry-Perot Laser):Siv rau thaum ntxov- theem luv- mus rau - daim ntawv thov nyob deb nruab nrab; tam sim no tab tom raug theem tawm hauv siab - cov ntawv thov kev pom zoo ntawm DFB lasers.
DFB (Distributed Feedback Laser):Lub workhorse rau ib zaug - hom kis tau tus mob. Nws ua tiav ib txoj kab ntev ntev tso tawm los ntawm kev tsim- hauv grating, ua rau muaj qhov nqaim spectral linewidth thiab qis dispersion nplua, haum rau kev ncua deb ntawm 10km txog 80km hauv metro networks thiab ntev -haul trunk kab.
EML (Electro{0}}absorption Modulated Laser):Tam sim no qhov kev xaiv tseem ceeb rau 400G / 800G siab -cov pob txha ceev ceev. Nws koom ua ke ib lub laser nrog ib qho electro-absorption modulator, kov yeej cov nyhuv "chirp" cuam tshuam nrog ncaj qha modulated lasers (DML) ntawm cov zaus siab, txhawb ib qho - wavelength tus nqi ntawm 100Gbps thiab tshaj.
2.2 Tsav Circuit Court
Laser diodes xav tau kev tsis ncaj ncees tam sim no thiab kev hloov pauv tam sim no. Tsav tsheb chips nyob rau hauv siab -ceev transmitters yuav tsum tau high linearity (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau PAM4 modulation) thiab tsawg zog noj. Raws li kev nrawm nce mus rau 112Gbps thiab txawm tias 224Gbps, tus tsav tsheb nti tsim tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txwv tsis pub xa tawm kev ua haujlwm.
2.3 Ntim thiab Optical Coupling
Lub ntim precision rau transmitters yuav tsum mus txog qib -micron. Rau silicon photonics (Silicon Photonics) transmitters, flip-chip technology feem ntau yog siv los ua ke cov laser nti nrog silicon-raws li photonic nti, coupling teeb rau hauv waveguide los ntawm ntug coupling los yog grating coupling.
3. Cov Ntsiab Lus Qhia Txog Kev Ua Haujlwm
Thaum ntsuas lossis xaivoptical transmitters, engineers yuav tsum tsom mus rau cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv qab no:
Lub wavelength:850nm (multi-mode), 1310nm (zero dispersion), 1550nm (tsawg tshaj poob). CWDM thiab DWDM technologies siv ntau lub wavelengths ntawm 1260nm thiab 1650nm rau wavelength division multiplexing.
Output Optical zog:Feem ntau ntsuas hauv dBm. Kev sib kis ntev dua yuav tsum muaj lub zog tso zis ntau dua, uas yuav tsum tau khaws cia qis dua qhov tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag.
Extinction Ratio (ER):Qhov piv ntawm nruab nrab optical zog rau logic "1" rau logic "0". Qhov kev ploj tuag ntau dua ua rau muaj teeb meem zoo dua - mus rau - suab nrov piv ntawm tus txais thiab qis qis qis qis (BER).
Daim duab qhov muag:Ib qho intuitive metric rau cov teeb liab zoo. Nyob rau hauv siab -Kev ntsuas lub tshuab xa hluav taws xob ceev, daim duab lub qhov muag yuav tsum ua raws li IEEE cov qauv lossis MSA (Multi-Source Agreement) qhov muag daim npog qhov ncauj qhov tshwj xeeb, kom ntseeg tau tias tsawg tshaj li jitters thiab suab nrov.
Center Wavelength thiab Spectral Dav:Rau DWDM systems, lub transmitter lub wavelength yuav tsum xauv rau hauv daim phiaj teev los ntawm ITU-T. Qhov dav dav spectral nqaim ua kom muaj kev siab ntev rau chromatic dispersion.
4. Kev Lag Luam Trends: Evolution ntawm 400G mus rau 1.6T
Tsav los ntawm kev loj hlob exponential nyob rau hauv bandwidth xav tau los ntawm AI qauv kev cob qhia thiab huab xam,optical transmitterthev naus laus zis tab tom hloov pauv yam tsis tau pom dua:
4.1 Qhov Advent of the Single-Wavelength 200G Era
800G optical modules tam sim no tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov ntsuas, sab hauv siv cov khoom xa tawm xws li 8x100Gbps lossis 4x200Gbps. Cov tuam txhab lag luam ua lag luam tab tom tsim ib qho -wavelength 200G EML thiab silicon photonic modulators, paving txoj kev rau 1.6T optical modules.
4.2 Accelerated Commercialization ntawm Silicon Photonics
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis sib xws (DFB nrog cov qauv sib cais) tab tom ntsib kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tus nqi thiab siab - kev sib xyaw ua ke. Silicon photonics leverages CMOS cov txheej txheem los koom ua ke cov modulators ntawm silicon substrate, ua ke nrog sab nraud los yog hybrid-integrated III-V lasers, ua tiav siab - tawm los, qis- nqi loj -scale photonic integration.
4.3 Linear Drive Pluggable Optics (LPO) thiab Co-packaged Optics (CPO)
Txhawm rau txo qis kev siv hluav taws xob hauv AI suav cov chaw, LPO thev naus laus zis tau tshwm sim. LPO transmitters tshem tawm cov tsoos DSP (Digital Signal Processor), siv linear tsav chips ncaj qha tsav lub laser, txo hwj chim siv kwv yees li 50%. Saib ntxiv tom ntej, CPO thev naus laus zis tsom mus ntim cov khoom siv kho qhov muag ua ke nrog cov nti hloov pauv, hauv paus daws qhov teeb meem ntawm siab - zaus hluav taws xob teeb liab poob hauv PCB kab.
4.4 Kev tawg hauv Nyias -Film Lithium Niobate (TFLN)
Hauv kev nrhiav kev siv bandwidth siab dua thiab qis dua, nyias -film lithium niobate modulators tau dhau los ua qhov kev tshawb fawb hotspot. Lawv muab cov linearity zoo dua thiab siab bandwidth piv rau silicon photonic thiab InP modulators, tso lawv los ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv - tiam 1.6T / 3.2T transmitters.
5. Cov lus xaus
Optical transmitter tsis yog tsuas yog lub cev pib ntawm kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag xwb tab sis kuj yog "core engine" txiav txim siab lub network bandwidth, kis tau tus mob nyob deb, thiab tus nqi system.
Rau cov neeg siv kev lag luam, thaum xaiv cov kev daws teeb meem optical transmitter, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum saib tshaj qhov "tus nqi" parameter. Kev ntsuam xyuas dav dav yuav tsum muaj xws li:
Application Scenario:Short-kev sib txuas ntawm qhov deb hauv cov chaw cov ntaub ntawv piv rau ntev -chaw telecommunications backbone networks.
Tus nqi tsim:VCSEL cov kev daws teeb meem yog tsim rau loj - nplai luv- daim ntawv thov nyob deb; EML thiab silicon photonics yog haum rau siab -kev ua tau zoo scenarios.
Supply Chain Reliability:Lub peev xwm rau siab - laser chips tseem nruj. Xaiv cov tuam txhab lag luam uas muaj kev ywj pheej nti R & D muaj peev xwm lossis cov saw hlau ruaj khov yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Nrog rau kev tawg hauv kev thov rau AI suav lub zog, kev lag luam kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov qauv qub ntawm "hluav taws xob tsav optics" mus rau lub sijhawm tshiab ntawm "optics txhais tes hauj lwm." Raws li qhov pib ntawm lub network kho qhov muag, txhua qhov kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis hauv cov khoom siv kho qhov muag yuav txhais tau lub qab nthab bandwidth rau tiam tom ntej ntawm digital thiab ntse infrastructure.
